This information was accurate as of 4/06/20.

 

 

 

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is causing havoc in the global markets and the U.S. economy. In today’s uncertain marketplace, it’s important to stay on top of your financial status, including taking measures to protect your retirement nest egg over the long-term.
One idea to consider is converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. This is a proactive strategy you might use while asset values and tax rates are relatively low. Here’s what you need to consider before converting your account.

 

Traditional Vs. Roth
First, let’s review the key differences between traditional and Roth IRAs:

Traditional IRAs
 Contributions to a traditional IRA may be wholly or partially tax-deductible. But deductions are phased out if these two conditions are met:

    • Your modified adjusted income (MAGI) exceeds a specified level and
    • You (or your spouse if you’re married) are an active participant in an employer-sponsored retirement plan

Therefore, depending on your situation, only a small part of a traditional IRA, if any, may reflect deductible contributions.

Roth IRAs
Contributions to a Roth are never tax-deductible, regardless of your MAGI. However, qualified distributions from a Roth IRA that’s been in existence for at least five years are 100% tax-free. For this purpose, qualified distributions include withdrawals:

    • Made after age 59½
    • Made or on account of death or disability or
    • Used to pay qualified first-time home buyer expenses (up to a lifetime limit of $10,000)

Other non-qualified Roth IRA distributions are taxed at ordinary income rates under special “ordering rules.” When you take a distribution, contributions are treated as coming out first, so this part is exempt from tax if the contributions weren’t deductible. This treatment is followed by conversion and rollover amounts and, finally, earnings. These ordering rules reduce any potential tax liability during the first five years of the account’s existence.

In other words, when you convert assets in a traditional IRA to a Roth, you’re usually doing it for the lure of tax-free payouts in the future. But a conversion isn’t a slam-dunk by any means.

Factors to Consider
Under prior law, you had until October 15 of the same year to reverse (or “re-characterize”) an ill-fated conversion. For example, a reversal might have been advised if you converted the account and then asset values subsequently declined. However, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), for 2018 and beyond, you can no longer re-characterize a Roth IRA back into a traditional IRA. The TCJA’s repeal of the re-characterization privilege is permanent.

So, it’s important to think through the details before you convert to a Roth IRA. Some of the questions to ask when deciding whether (and when) to make a conversion include:

How much tax will you owe?
When you convert to a Roth IRA, you must pay tax on the funds transferred, just like a traditional IRA distribution. You might not want to convert if your account balance is high and you expect asset values to drop. Conversely, a declining value might encourage a conversion.

Do you have money to pay the conversion tax bill?
If you don’t have enough cash on hand to cover the taxes owed on the conversion, you may have to dip into your retirement funds. For example, you might arrange to pay the tax out of the funds being converted. This will erode your nest egg. The more money you convert and the higher your tax bracket, the bigger the tax hit.

What is your retirement horizon?
Your stage of life can affect your decision. Typically, you wouldn’t convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA if you expect to soon retire and start drawing down on the account right away. Usually, the goal is to allow the funds to grow and compound over time without any tax erosion.

How do you expect your tax rate to change in retirement?
If you anticipate being in a lower tax bracket when you retire than you’re in now, you may not want to convert — it might be easier to absorb tax on future distributions than it is to pay a conversion tax this year. On the other hand, if you expect to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement than you’re in now, a conversion now often makes sense, absent any other extenuating circumstances. To complicate matters, Congress could change tax rates in the future.

Will you have other sources of retirement income, besides your IRAs?
If most of your retirement funds are invested in assets that would trigger taxes on distribution — likes growth stocks or a 401(k) plan — a Roth conversion may provide some flexibility later in life. It can help meet your lifestyle or estate planning objectives without triggering tax on every withdrawal. Because you can’t predict how the tax laws will change over time, it’s a good idea to build some tax diversification into your accounts.

Another important factor to consider is required minimum distributions (RMDs). With a traditional IRA, you must begin taking RMDs by April 1 of the year after the year you turn age 72. (This requirement was extended from age 70½ by the SECURE Act, beginning in 2020.) For each subsequent tax year, an RMD must be made by December 31 of that year.
However, there are no mandatory lifetime distributions with a Roth IRA. This can help preserve wealth for your heirs.

A Common Misconception: All or Nothing

Converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA isn’t an all-or-nothing deal. You can transfer as much or as little of the money in your traditional IRA account as you like. So, you might decide to gradually convert your account to spread out the tax hit over several years.
A gradual conversion strategy can allow you to pay the conversion tax from money currently at your disposal instead of tapping into your retirement funds. As a result, your nest egg won’t be diluted by the amount you have to subtract to pay the tax.
Furthermore, if you convert a traditional IRA in stages, you may pay less tax overall because more of the transferred amount will be taxed at lower rates under our graduated tax rate system.

What’s Right for You?
Always contact your tax advisor before converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. He or she can discuss the pros and cons, along with providing other retirement planning recommendations.

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The information contained in the Knowledge Center is intended solely to provide general guidance on matters of interest for the personal use of the reader, who accepts full responsibility for its use. In no event will CST or its partners, employees or agents, be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information in this Knowledge Center or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.